In order to comprehend the function of computed tomography (CT) scans in brain injury, it is critical to recognize that brain injury comprises a diverse range of intracranial injuries, including insults that occur at the moment of impact as well as a harmful secondary cascade of insults that necessitate the best possible medical and surgical care. Acute primary insults are identified by initial CT scan imaging, which is crucial for diagnosing brain injury. However, secondary injuries like cerebral edema, clot expansion, brain herniation, and infarction are also identified by serial CT imaging surveillance, which helps direct critical care and the selection of necessary management during golden hours. When brain trauma occurs, CT is the standard. A CT scan can also be used to predict clinical outcomes. The purpose of this study is to assess the value of CT scans in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment planning of head injuries. The study identifies the benefits, drawbacks, and possible areas for development in the use of CT imaging for head trauma by examining current research and clinical procedures.

Background: Chronic periodontitis is an inflammatory disease caused by specific microorganism, resulting in progressive destruction of the supporting tissue of the dentition. Tobacco smoking, especially cigarette smoking, may be a risk factor for periodontitis. Radiographs may be insufficient in diagnosing active disease areas, assessing medication response, or determining susceptibility to future disease progression. Saliva markers, such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), amylase, salivary thiocyanate (SCN), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), may be proposed as tests for diagnosis as well as prognosis of periodontitis. This study was undertaken to compare SCN, salivary amylase, and ALP and TAC level in smokers and nonsmokers with generalized chronic periodontitis. Materials and methods: The present cross-sectional study involved 60 subjects of both sexes diagnosed with periodontitis, categorized into two groups: Group I comprised smokers with generalized chronic periodontitis (S + P), while group II consisted of nonsmokers with generalized chronic periodontitis (NS + P). Clinical metrics such as plaque index, gingival index, probing depth, and clinical attachment level were documented and evaluated. Salivary samples were examined for levels of ALP, amylase, SCN, and TAC. Statistical analysis was conducted utilizing the Student's unpaired t-test. Result: The activity of salivary ALP and salivary amylase were elevated in group I (S + P) in contrast to group II (NS + P) (p < 0.0001). The SCN levels were higher in chronic smokers compared with nonsmokers. Whereas TAC levels were found to be in low level in group I than group II of study. Conclusion: Significant correlation of increased salivary ALP and amylase activity was found between S + P than NS + P. SCN was reported to be positive in S + P indicating presence of SCN in saliva of periodontitis patient. Thiocyanate was found in group I compared with group II, indicating oxidant overload exceeding capacity of antioxidant. Smoking can be an accelerating factor for periodontal destruction. Patients should be evaluated for smoking history before initiating periodontal therapy subsequently followed by appropriate counseling.

Aspirin [acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)] is commonly used, either directly or indirectly, to avoid bouts of ischemia. Long-term aspirin use can potentially affect the formation of blood clots during surgery and increase intraoperative blood loss. This is especially important for high-risk surgeries like neurosurgery. The European Society of Cardiology recommends stopping aspirin for at least a week before neurosurgical intervention, but there is currently no clinical data to support this approach. This narrative review provides evidence that raises questions about the necessity of stopping aspirin in neurosurgical patients, as well as a summary of recent clinical data on the bleeding risk associated with chronic aspirin therapy in neurosurgical patients, including brain tumor surgery, cerebrovascular procedures, and spinal surgery. Aspirin impact monitoring options and their clinical implications are also covered in this article.

Cervical spondylosis is a common degenerative disorder affecting the cervical spine, often associated with aging. This condition can lead to a range of symptoms, including neck pain, stiffness, radiculopathy, and, in advanced cases, myelopathy. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical examination and imaging techniques, with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offering detailed insights into soft tissue and nerve involvement. Management approaches vary according to symptom severity, encompassing conservative treatments such as medication, physical therapy, and lifestyle modifications, as well as surgical interventions for cases with significant neurological impairment. Recent advancements in minimally invasive techniques, regenerative therapies, and artificial intelligence (AI)-driven diagnostic tools offer promising future directions for treatment. This review aims to summarize the current diagnostic approaches and management strategies for cervical spondylosis and highlights the need for a multimodal and personalized approach to enhance patient outcomes and quality of life.

In the developing world, congenital developmental disorders are very common to get identified quickly and early by advanced medical technologies. A rare congenital central nervous system developmental condition is called rhombencephalosynapsis (RES). The origin and pathogenesis of RES are still unknown, even though it has been identified for many years. Its symptoms overlap because it occurs in conjunction with other syndromes. The severity of the cerebellar vermismal development or malformation determines how this condition manifests clinically. Here, we describe a 52-year-old male who was found to have a cerebellar malformation known as RES. Clinical approaches, treatment strategies, and MRI features of RES have been explored.

One of the most prevalent forms of traumatic and spontaneous intracranial hematomas is still chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH). The best course of treatment has not yet been determined. Craniotomy, trephination, twist drill perforation with hematoma evacuation, and burr hole drainage with or without irrigation are surgical treatment options. The purpose of this case series study was to determine the effectiveness and importance of subdural irrigation in patients with CSDH.